Closed captions prove vital not only for deaf and hard-of-hearing peoples and their friends and family, but for those for whom English is an additional language and their family and friends. Decades more would pass before captions would be the mandated technological and communications standard in January 2012, the FCC added requirements for closed captions in Internet programming. It was not until the 1970s that decades of activism for deaf and hard-of-hearing communities manifested the first major experiments with the distribution of captioned television, supported by the collaboration of commercial-federal interests, technological innovation, and skilled, volunteer labor. The jokes, the pacing, the tone, the score, the drama, the gags, the payoff in most any given show adheres to assumptions about our senses. In America, televised media was ever meant for a certain people - aggressively Anglophone without discernible hearing disabilities.
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